Mosquito control requires knowledge of the behavioral and habitat differences among species in order to plan and carry out a treatment program. While mosquitoes have many natural predators, in general, biological controls strive to achieve a balance between the predator and prey and this balance tends to favor the prey. Mosquito control programs use many ways to control mosquitoes. The trained worker first identifies the problem species. The current comprehensive mosquito surveillance and control plan is based on the principles of integrated pest management.
Environmental management measures constitute an effective component of such strategies. Since mosquitoes develop in water, source reduction targets and eliminates water sources favorable for mosquito breeding. Aedes aegypti biting behavior2 aedes aegypti bites primarily during the day only female mosquitoes feed on blood in order to lay eggs. Katherine dickinson1 and susan paskewitz2 abstract public health programs that control mosquitoes and other disease vectors have the added bene. Mosquito control is a vital publichealth practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the zika virus. For standing water that cannot be dumped or drained, a larvicide can be used to kill larvae. Which will compete with the natural fertile male mosquito. The maryland department of agriculture department provides mosquito control services, in cooperation with participating county governments, as authorized by state law. This control measure can be as simple as turning over a bucket or as involved as using heavy equipment to construct a network of drainage ditches. Mosquito control in the torres strait can be tough but it provides protection of the mainland from invading exotic mosquitoes. Management of standing water is the key to most of the mosquito control bmps presented in this manual and is one of the oldest and most cost effective forms of mosquito control. Trapping, biting counts and client service requests all provide information upon which control decisions are based. Because mosquitoes need water for two stages of their life cycle, its important to monitor standing water sources.
Mosquito control division of central life sciences. Pdf dynamics of mosquitoes populations with different. The greatest impact on mosquito populations will occur when they are concentrated, immobile and accessible. Mosquitoes characteristics, life cycle and control measures. Thus this module can only give a framework on which the reader can build by both reading further and examining mosquito specimens. Vector control, drug therapy mosquito culex west nile virus no curative drug treatment available vector control tsetse fly glossina sleeping sickness vector control, drug therapy sandfly phlebotomus leishmaniasis drug therapy, vector control black flies simulium river blindness. Abatement districts, conducted by the agcenter in may 2002, parishes have inhouse mosquito control programs, 8 parishes have programs conducted by contract mosquito control companies, 9 parishes are actively pursuing development of abatement programs, and 2 parishes have passed measures to fund abatement but have no programs in place. Dengue infection is endemic in many regions throughout the world. Mosquito control is a vital publichealth practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the zika virus mosquito control operations are targeted against three different problems. Chatham county mosquito control is responsible for providing a comprehensive, cost effective mosquito abatement program for chatham county and all of its municipalities.
Craven county used integrated pest management in its vector control program. Dumping or removing standing water in and around your home is one way to control larvae. A previous mathematical simulation study indicated that insecticide fogging minimized cases when conducted soon after peak disease. Several jurisdictions have airplanes including galveston county which can treat 22,000 acres in one morning.
Table 2 provides a summary of these groups, the more problematic genera andor species, larval breeding habitats and general management approaches. By eliminating these water sources, you can keep new generations of mosquitoes from taking up residence in. Mosquito prevention and control involves a basic understanding of their life cycle. Making a complaint the environmental health branch ehb certified vector technicians and the citys pest control contractor investigate all reports of mosquito activity. The departments preferred mosquito control strategy is the reduction of mosquito larvae numbers by source reduction, biological control agents or use of biological insecticides. Normally the adult mosquito lives for about 23 weeks.
Alternative mosquito control methods as mosquitoes can transmit a number of diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, japanese encephalitis, yellow fever etc. An integrated mosquito management imm plan can assist in reducing not only nuisance populations, but also species that could potentially vector mosquito borne diseases. Protection against mosquito bites include the use of mosquito bed nets preferably insecticidetreated nets, the wearing of clothes that cover most of the body, and use of. In north america and europe for example, although the vector anopheles mosquitoes are still present, the parasite has been eliminated. Conduct doortodoor inspections and mosquito control in an areawide fashion reach 90% coverage of the control area within a week.
Guidelines for surveillance prevention and control. Surveillance tells us about species composition, abundance, gauges control efforts, and provides a historical perspective. Altosid extended control larvicide can be applied to areas of standing water for effective control of mosquitoes with no impact on nontarget species. You can also try a mosquito killer, magnet, or zapper, a device that actually will kill mosquitoes upon contact. Biological mosquito control is the use of other living organisms to control mosquito populations. Meg tirrell looks at what is being done to control the mosquito populations to help prevent the spread of the zika virus. Mosquito treatment is usually an integrated effort involving source reduction plus the use of chemical control products when needed. Pesticides have a role in public health as part of sustainable integrated mosquito management. Integrated mosquito management approach should be adopted for getting an effective and efficient control on mosquito with minimal impact on the ecological system. This approach maximizes the effectiveness of pesticide.
Some mosquitoes can spread viruses like zika, west nile, and dengue. Aedes aegypti vector control and prevention measures in. Local weather reports should also be consulted regularly to help prepare the community for possible outbreaks of mosquitoes, which usually occur after droughts followed by heavy rains. The various control measures included education, source reduction, larviciding, and adulticiding. While insecticide fogging targeting the vector mosquito aedes aegypti is a major control measure against dengue epidemics, the impact of this method remains controversial. Mosquitos and the diseases they transmit terry county. Mosquito control measures for aedes aegypti and aedes. It is a comprehensive mosquito prevention and control strategy that utilizes all. Decisions to initiate control measures are based on analyses of larval or adult mosquito.
This is accomplished through the implementation and integration of various safe and environmentally sound mosquito control measures to protect all chatham citizens from. Mosquito control begins with daily population tracking. If you see a bird that has been dead for less than 24 hours, please call 1877wnvbird 18779682473 or report it online. Mosquito species are broadly separated into two groups according to where they lay eggs, floodwater mosquitoes and standing water mosquitoes. Information from centers for disease control and prevention cdc on mosquito borne viruses. Integrated vector control approach for mosquito mosquito control measures anti larval measures 1. It is not the same mosquito as the one transmitting malaria females of the anopheline genus. Personal protection measures against mosquito bites because of the nocturnal feeding habits of most of anopheles mosquitoes, malaria transmission occurs primarily at night. Mosquito control driving mosquito refractoriness to plasmodium falciparumwith engineered symbiotic bacteria sibao wang,1 andre l. Vector control strategies have traditionally focused on killing mosquitoes using a variety of insecticides. Planning environmental management for mosquito control 165 v11.
Mosquito prevention and protection always remember the 3 ds of protection from mosquitoes read the directions on the label carefully before applying. This emphasis focuses on habitat management and controlling the immature stages egg, larva, and pupa before the mosquitoes emerge as adults. Thus, knowledge of the source or breeding habitat of mosquitoes can provide strong clues to their identification. Adult mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant or slow moving water, or on moist soil or leaf litter in areas likely to collect water. Morphology and systematics learning to identify mosquitoes requires considerable time and experience. Ipm uses a combination of ways to control mosquito populations with decisions based on surveillance, such as keeping track or count of the numbers and types of mosquitoes in an area. Choosing a backup generator plus 3 legal house connection options transfer switch and more duration. Although the manual deals principally with environmental management for the control of.
Awareness of the differences between these two mechanisms is essential to understanding the diversity of mosquito life cycles and to practicing the most effective approaches to mosquito control. The presence or even the suspected presence of mosquitoes any species in an area identified for control efforts triggers minimization efforts in the early spring and summer. The entire cycle can take as little as four days or as long as one month, depending on species and temperature all mosquitoes must have water for their life cycle most eggs hatch within 48 hours. Some of the commonly found potential breeding places for mosquitoes in hospitalsclinic buildingscompounds and the ways of elimination are given in the tables below. Effective vectorbased chikv, denv, yfv, and zikv prevention involves initiating control measures such as source reduction container elimination and larvicide treatments before the beginning of the mosquito season, and adult reduction measures such as adulticide treatments following detection of human arbovirus activity. Some insecticides available commercially may be used by the homeowner for mosquito control. M osquito transgenesis and paratransgenesis are tw o novel strategies. The development and field assessment of efficient control methods such as this. Integrated vector control approach dr kulrajat bhasin. These best management practices for mosquito control were developed through a collaborative effort of representatives from washington and oregon based mosquito control districts, washington state counties, washington state university, mosquito control insecticide industry and. We also told respondents the level of west nile disease risk set at the.
Surveillance and control of aedes aegypti and aedes. Other mosquitoes bother people, but dont spread viruses. Practical guidelines for the vector control worker 174 annex 1. M osquito control is an important component of malaria control strategy, although elimination of malaria in an area does not require the elimination of all anopheles mosquitoes. A variety of control measures are available to suppress mosquito populations. Control measures could be aimed at different stages of the insect in its life cycle. Using repellent products to protect against mosquito borne illnesses. Aug 06, 2015 lectures in community medicine in easy to understand manner.
An important part of mosquito control around homes is making sure that mosquitoes dont have a place to lay their eggs. Several use sentinel chickens to monitor infectious diseases as symptoms appear faster than in humans. For example, mosquito control officers will know which ponds breed the most mosquitoes, so they can target prevention and control measures. How important is west nile virus risk compared to the nuisance of mosquitoes. The legislature authorized state aid to 12 mosquito control districts. A light spray application around building foundations, shrubs, and grasses will keep adults from resting in these areas. European centre for disease prevention and control. Sfdph environmental health mosquito control program has received grant support from the state of california to pay for mosquito control technicians, equipment and supplies. General features of cochin the city of cochin kochi is situated between. Preface secretary louisiana mosquito control association. Housetohouse larval control use residual products whenever possible more time before return visit be thorough one container can affect the area educate the homeowners oneonone chance to show homeowners how to take care of their own property to avoid mosquito production. Environmental management through reduction or removal of mosquito breeding sites has often been used alongside chemical or microbiological ovicides, larvicides, and pupicides 1,2,3,4 in areas where endemic mosquito borne diseases occur. What state and local mosquito control programs do why is local mosquito control important. Basic information on mosquito vectors and diseases 226 annex 2.
Integrated mosquito management west nile virus cdc. Guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in europe. Mosquito control activities reduce all types of mosquitoes. Chatham county mosquito control has employed physical control quite successfully. Other components of such management include surveillance, source reduction or prevention, biological control, repellents, traps, and pesticideresistance management. This means a variety of control is employed depending on a number of factors.
At that time, only 4 years since west nile virus wnv was first detected in new york city, the virus had already established itself across approximately the eastern half of the country and produced the largest epidemic of arboviral encephalitis ever experienced in the united states. They try to get rid of standing water in cities and in the country where mosquitoes will lay eggs. The need to develop integrated strategies including both old and new methods of mosquito control is now widely accepted. Mosquito traps, such as the cdc miniature light traps, make use of the photophilic characteristic of insects to trap hostseeking mosquitoes. Mosquito repellents are substances applied to clothing. The best known fish are gambusia affinis and lobister reteculatus. While source reduction is the more effective longterm approach to mosquito treatment, the. Choosing a backup generator plus 3 legal house connection options transfer switch and more. Urban mosquito control a case study emergence and resurgence of mosquito borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, japanese encephalitis and. Biological control protection against mosquito bites legislative control 1. Optimal timing of insecticide fogging to minimize dengue.
The measures can be classified as biological, environmental physical and chemical control. List of environmental management measures which have proved to be. Mosquito control driving mosquito refractoriness to. Challenges and approaches for mosquito targeted malaria control. The mosquito and vector control program and the california department of public health use dead bird reports to help identify increased west nile virus activity in an area. Background washington state has a history of outbreaks of mosquito borne diseases such as western equine encephalitis and st. Pdf mosquitoes represent the major arthropod vectors of human disease.
Guidance for surveillance, prevention, and control of. Check the labels for epaapproved products registered as effective against adult and larval mosquitoes. What you should know about mosquito control and pesticides. Also provided are model press releases, key contacts, and statutes on mosquito control and formation of mosquito control districts. Best management practices for mosquito control in california an electronic version of this manual and the companion document best management practices for mosquito control on california state properties are available from the. Mosquito control measures for aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus andrea leal operations directorentomologist florida keys mosquito control district. Pdf best practices for integrated mosquito management.
Mosquito control policy maryland department of agriculture. Mosquito control measures for aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. Once mosquito eggs hatch, they become larvae and then pupae. Mosquito repellents have been widely used to deter mosquito bites as an integration measure to combat mosquito bites or malaria infection. Aedes aegypti is the same mosquito that transmits dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. Managing mosquitoes to control mosquitoes effectively longterm, you need to use several complementary management techniques. Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitoes to reduce their damage to human health, economies, and enjoyment. While the best solution is to do something that will actually keep mosquitoes away, a mosquito killer will help control the population once it already exists. As far as mosquito control is concerned, biological control measures should integrate the protection of humans from mosquitoes with conservation of the biodiversity, while avoiding toxicological.
Divide the outbreak area into operational management areas where control measures can be effectively applied within a few days. Dossantos, 2 wei huang,2 kun connie liu, mohammad ali oshaghi, 2 ge wei,1 peter agre,2 marcelo jacobslorena the huge burden of malaria in developing countries urgently demands the development of. Use personal protective measures to prevent mosquito bites. River silt and debris combine with beach and dune sands that have. Minimize mosquito breeding sites and utilize personal protective measures risk assessment. Fourstar microbial larvicides kill mosquito larvae before they become adults by using naturally occurring bacteria. Surveillance is a critical component to any successful ipm program because the results from the surveillance will help determine the appropriate response to an. The mosquito abatement plan is designed to keep reinforcing partnerships and. Mosquito control programs also use pesticides to kill mosquitoes. Mosquito eggs are laid either singly or together in a raftlike structure that floats on water, and they hatch via one of two mechanisms.
Effectiveness of mosquito control 87 the districts goal is to kill 95 percent of mosquito larvae or adults when it uses insecticides. Preventing diseases spread by mosquitoes fact sheet july 2008 page 1 of 3 preventing diseases spread by mosquitoes in new hampshire, some mosquitoes can transmit eastern equine encephalitis eee and west nile virus wnv. They add mosquito eating fish to ponds to eat the larvae and pupae. This is the best way to con trol mosquitoes since they lay eggs in. Since 2003, several nh residents have been diagnosed with eee and wnv and some have died. This plan is designed to minimize the impact of mosquito borne.
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